Category: respiration

Remote Learning and Ventilator Testing: Our COVID-19 Response in 2020

A common thread uniting the world community is near-universal agreement that 2020 has been the most challenging year in decades. From young to old, life as we know it has been upended. Virtually everything we have come to take for granted, from employment, to education, socializing with friends, or buying toilet paper has been put on pause as we grapple with an implacable enemy that recognizes no political or demographic boundaries. We have had to quickly adapt and adopt common sense mitigation strategies until we prevail in the nearly year-long battle against COVID-19. And with a vaccine imminent, we are collectively answering that challenge.

When the first stay-at-home orders hit California in March of this year, BIOPAC Systems, along with hundreds of other offices in the Santa Barbara area, shut down to protect our employees. As small businesses made masks, and automakers retooled assembly lines to produce ventilators, we assessed how to best use our own resources in this pandemic.

We brought together our senior team of engineers and applied existing BIOPAC technologies for one early tool that has been instrumental in saving lives.The Ventilator Ventilation System can be used in ventilator prototyping, large-scale production testing for new ventilator manufacturing, and field testing for existing ventilators. Critical pressure and airflow measurements are tracked through the system. Test automation and workflow management is available through scripting. Technician instructions, procedures and prompts ensure the correct procedure is performed and a pass/fail audit trail is documented.

The BIOPAC Ventilator Validation Kit was used at Ford Motor Company, Virgin Orbital, NASA/STARK Industries and with others to increase their ventilator production capacity and, in Ford’s case, meet their goal of producing 50,000 ventilators for U.S. Hospitals.

As educators also struggled with changes to their classrooms with nearly all U.S. universities going to virtual learning or hybrid classroom environments, we sought to safely preserve some of the in-person learning experience.

In June, the Biopac Student Lab Practical Lab Learning Kit was released, or BSL Home. This single-channel data acquisition system preserved the lab experience even for students learning physiology from their homes; Lessons on EMG, ECG, EEG, EOG, respiration, biofeedback, and aerobic exercise are pre-configured and included with a handheld device that includes integrated hardware and software.

BIOPAC offers a wide array of wired and wireless equipment that can be used in your research. To find more information on the Ventilator Validation Kit or the BSL Home Practical Lab Kit, please visit the BIOPAC website.

Photo by Long Truong on Unsplash

Panoply of Respiration and Pulmonary Measurements

The respiratory or pulmonary system performs the important functions of supplying oxygen (O2) during inhalation, removing carbon dioxide (CO2) during exhalation, and adjusting the acid-base balance (pH) of the body by removing acid-forming CO2.

All humans and animals require oxygen to carry out cellular processes of energy transformation essential for life. During cellular metabolism, oxygen is consumed when nutrients such as protein, carbohydrate and fat are oxidized, and carbon dioxide is produced as a gaseous waste product. Collectively, the processes whereby oxygen is taken up from the atmosphere, delivered to body cells and consumed, and the processes of producing carbon dioxide and delivering it to the lungs for excretion into the atmosphere constitute respiration.

Processes of respiration fall into one of three categories: external respiration, gas transport, and internal respiration. External respiration refers to mechanisms by which a person obtains oxygen from the external environment and eliminates carbon dioxide into the external environment. Gas transport refers to mechanisms used to distribute oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from cells. Internal respiration refers to the chemical reactions of cellular metabolism in which oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced.

Gas exchange between the air in the lung and the blood is a process of simple diffusion. A gas diffuses from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, or, from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure. Partial pressure is simply a way of expressing the concentration of gas molecules.

Blood transports gases to and from the body’s cells. The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from the blood. At the beginning of inspiration, the thoracic cavity is enlarged by contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. Expiration begins when the inspiratory muscles relax. The diaphragm returns to its resting dome shape, decreasing thoracic and intrapulmonic volume.

What are some common measurements extracted when we measure respiration and how are these measurements acquired and analyzed?

Pulmonary Airflow — The pulmonary airflow analysis uses a calibrated airflow signal from a pneumotach transducer, of which there are many types for various airflow applications.

Compliance and Resistance Analysis is measured on a breath-by-breath basis by diving tidal volume by change in pressure between the exhale start and inhale start locations of the breath.

Respiratory Gas Analysis uses the BIOPAC O2100C and CO2100C amplifier modules for measuring and analyzing oxygen and carbon dioxide content.

Anaerobic Threshold uses AcqKnowledge software to establish a ratio of inspired volume and VO2 consumption and to integrate the air flow signal to obtain total inspired volume in real time.

Respiratory Exchange Ratio is determined by dividing VCO2 produced by VO2 consumed. An automated script for computing RER is available via download from BIOPAC.

Respiration, Gas Analysis, Pulmonary Function, and Exercise Physiology for Research applications and Education curriculum are available.

Respiratory Cycle and Exercise Physiology are supported by the new BSL HOME Practical Lab Kit, enabling students to keep abreast of curriculum demands while safely distanced.

We invite you to sign up for BIOPAC’s free How to Record Great Respiration Data webinar on demand. You may also watch archived webinar events on demand by visiting our Webinars page.

BIOPAC offers a wide array of wired and wireless equipment that can be used in your research. To find more information on solutions for recording and analyzing signals such as ECG, heart rate, respiration, and more using any platforms mentioned in this blog post, you can visit the individual application pages on the BIOPAC website.

Photo by Victor Garcia on Unsplash

Answering the challenge of COVID-19

There is no sugarcoating it—we are in some very serious times—and will remain so for the foreseeable future. The COVID-19 pandemic has not only captured the focus of the entire world community, it has illuminated shortcomings in the supply chains required for coping with a global health event of this magnitude. In the absence of a vaccine, only a concerted planet-wide effort involving thorough preparation, cooperation, and transparency will leave us better equipped to forestall a resurfacing of the coronavirus or similar pandemic. Toward that end, countries, states, and communities are scrambling to marshal the necessary PPE and medical supplies, chief among which are life-saving ventilators. In response, key industries are adapting to build vast quantities of ventilators and other much-needed equipment. To help answer this call, BIOPAC has partnered with several corporations to provide time-tested life science components for the specific purpose of testing and validating thousands of newly-made ventilators.

The BIOPAC Ventilator Validation Kit provides ventilator manufacturers and prototype developers with a complete solution for validating new medical/hospital-grade ventilator products intended for human use. The system includes a pulmonary airflow transducer, airway pressure transducer, differential amplifiers, calibration syringe, and a data acquisition system with automated pulmonary function analysis software to assist in the validation of ventilators.

Comprised of existing and evolving BIOPAC research equipment that has for years served with outstanding durability and reliability in the field, we are proud to contribute to the global effort to meet the coronavirus crisis head on.

In the face of adversity, we adapt, we innovate, we assist, and we persevere.

We hope everyone remains safe and well, and offer our deepest condolences to those who have suffered or lost loved ones.

We invite you to view a video about how the Ventilator Validation System works.

Photo by Kuma Kum on Unsplash

T4 Conference Wrap-up

August is a month of barbecues, baseball, and last-minute vacations against the backdrop of a fading summer, and the eighth month of 2019 proved to be an equally exciting time at BIOPAC, with something of a pleasant vacation thrown in. On August 12-14, BIOPAC hosted its 2nd Biennial “Tools, Trends, Techniques, and Technology” Human Physiology Conference, known as “T4” to our friends and partners around the world. This three-day event, first held in 2017, featured lively, informative sessions hosted by BIOPAC staff, partners, noted academics, and industry experts, and covered a wide range of physiological techniques and disciplines. Over 150 attendees joined BIOPAC at the 2019 T4 Conference staged once again at the beautiful University of California at Santa Barbara campus. Participants and instructors winged in from China, Australia, Germany, Sweden, Italy, Spain, U.K., Ireland, and Egypt, as well as from wide regions of the U.S and Canada to soak up the idyllic surroundings of this ocean-side campus.

The focus of BIOPAC’s T4 Conference was to provide a fun, relaxed environment while hosting nearly 40 hands-on, human physiology training workshops chaired by over 20 distinguished instructors from around the globe. One of the many conference highlights was the “Mindfulness, Meditation, and Measurement: Mindfulness Exercises in Physiological Monitoring” session, hosted by Dr. Allan Weiss of the University of Southern California and  BIOPAC Co-founder and Director of R & D Alan Macy. These sessions, conducted in two parts over a two day period were booked beyond capacity, even though the early morning fog hadn’t yet lifted from the campus skyline.

The varied additional sessions covered a range from the basics, “Setting Up Your Lab, Getting Great Data and Troubleshooting,” (hosted by Dr. Terry Blumenthal of Wake Forest University, and BIOPAC’s Alan Macy and Tim Cook), and “Creating Your Own Lessons Using BSL PRO,” (hosted by Dr. Taffeta Elliot of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology), to exciting new technologies such as “Integrating Screen-based Eye Trackers with AcqKnowledge,” with Keith Jackson of BIOPAC partner company EyeTech, BIOPAC CEO Frazer Findlay, and BIOPAC Engineering Manager Ed Peterlin. Additional wide-ranging physiological disciplines were also covered, including MRI techniques, stimulation, and exercise physiology. All sessions were conducted using BIOPAC hardware and software systems, as well as platforms provided by BIOPAC partners such as Cedrus, fNIR, WorldViz, Psychology Software Tools, and CNSystems. At the end of each day, it was time to relax and unwind with a beverage of choice, a a walk along the beach, and some good conversation. Each evening featured excellent meals and camaraderie in the relaxed yet elegant environment of some of Santa Barbara and Goleta’s most stunning surroundings. After three great days of immersive sessions, it came time for everyone to part ways, having forged new collaborative partnerships and an enhanced knowledge about the full potential of BIOPAC and BIOPAC partner products.

You don’t have to wait for T4 2021 to learn more about life science data—watch Fundamentals of Physiological Data Recording now!

For a closer look at T4, and a preview of what is sure to be an exciting 2021 event, we invite you to visit our T4 Human Physiology Conference page.

Looking for additional resources, tips, tricks, and expert advice on BIOPAC and BIOPAC Partner products? Please also visit our Webinars and Video Tutorial pages.

BIOPAC offers a wide array of wired and wireless equipment that can be used in your research. To find more information on solutions for recording and analyzing signals such as ECG, heart rate, respiration and more using any platforms mentioned in this blog post, you can visit the individual application pages on the BIOPAC website.

Best Practices for Recording & Analyzing Data

Over the past several years, tools and techniques for recording and analyzing physiological data recording have seen steady and marked improvement. Modern life science data acquisition systems such as the MP160 System and powerful research-grade software suites such as AcqKnowledge bring high-end physiology tools within reach of the smallest lab. Even with continuing advances and reduced margin for error, it remains prudent to follow some fundamental guidelines for maximizing data quality and clarity.

Preparation is important. First, invest time exploring the system if it’s new or unfamiliar. An overview of the documentation, training videos, and available webinars, as well as some practice runs with the hardware and software will save time and effort when the time comes to conduct a study. This will also build proficiency at identifying the differences between good and poor data.

Next, familiarize yourself with the type of electrodes and/or transducers necessary for the physiological signals you will be acquiring, which includes proper electrode and skin site preparation. For example, gently abrading the skin prior to applying electrodes is normally recommended for most signal types, except for electrodermal activity (EDA), in which case it’s vital to NOT abrade the skin beforehand. It is also helpful to wait at least 5 minutes before starting a recording, which enables the electrode gel to be absorbed into the skin, helping reduce the impedance.

Performing an impedance check to ensure that the electrodes are making good contact with the skin is also highly recommended. This task is made easier by using an Electrode Impedance Checker (such as EL-CHECK), a simple device for quickly measuring the resistance between the skin and the electrode that provides an LED readout of the skin/electrode contact quality. If the resistance is too high (indicating poor contact) proper adjustments can be made before starting an experiment.

For certain signal types, excessive participant movement can introduce unwanted artifact into the signal, resulting in poor or skewed data. Make sure the participant remains as still as possible during studies involving these signals. Using tape to attach the electrode leads to the skin and keep them from moving excessively can also be helpful.

A thorough check of the system and all connections, cameras, and other hardware is important, so that any problems with equipment or setup can be addressed in advance, thus avoiding a show-stopping issue in the midst of an experiment. This would include performing a pilot study with trained personnel in order to head off any unforeseen issues with the data collection.

Creating a lab setup conducive to a relaxed environment for the participant and technician alike will yield better results. This means eliminating clutter, noise, and other distractions that can affect comfort and attention span. Some labs even avoid having their staff wear lab coats because this can heighten participant nervousness.

Keeping detailed notes on successful lab setups is also helpful and will streamline the preparation process for future experiments. Additionally, creating and saving graph templates for regularly-repeated experiments will save further time and effort.

For more about the fundamentals of recording great data, we invite you to view this free on-demand webinar Fundamentals of Physiology Recording.

BIOPAC offers a wide array of wired and wireless equipment that can be used in your research. To find more information on solutions for recording and analyzing signals such as ECG, heart rate, respiration and more using any platforms mentioned in this blog post, you can visit the individual application pages on the BIOPAC website.

Photo by John Schnobrich on Unsplash

Exercise Physiology – Pulling Out All the Stops

Everyone has experienced showing up at the doctor’s office and being tasked with sitting very still while vital signs are taken. You sit almost trance-like, concentrating on slowing your heartbeat, willing your blood pressure down, avoiding any sudden movement that might affect the signals being monitored for posterity. It’s quite another matter when body signals are being monitored and measured from someone in full motion, particularly an elite athlete, all systems performing at maximum capacity. How are multiple facets of our physiology accurately captured when we are puffing and sweating at full exertion? Don’t these movements introduce artifact into the data and affect its quality? Won’t the result be an unusable mess? The truth is with proper setup and hardware, acquiring accurate signals from exercise physiology subjects has never been easier.

Signals typically and simultaneously acquired during exercise physiology studies are heartbeat (ECG), respiration (RSP), muscle activity (EMG), in addition to oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, blood pressure, core/surface temperature data, range of motion, and even GPS, if the participant is performing the activity outside the lab.

An important factor in exercise physiology studies is choosing the right electrodes, as well as their placement. We recommended using long-term electrodes, such as EL502, which can be worn up to 24 hours. If sweat is a problem, use stress electrodes which adhere better and are resistant to moisture. For even better adhesion to contoured parts of the body, use fabric electrodes. It is also important to prep the electrode site correctly, by first abrading the skin using an ELPAD, and making sure the electrode has sufficient conductive gel.

For measuring ECG signals, particularly Lead II, place the electrodes over bone such as a clavicle or rib to minimize movement artifact. For studies involving a lot of abdominal movement, a Lead I ECG configuration is recommended (left and right clavicle placement). This will help assure a good ECG signal during exercise.

If the participant is inside the lab (say, on a treadmill or exercise bike), a “wired” system, such as BIOPAC’s MP160 System with 100D-Series Smart Amplifiers is a good choice. Up to 16 channels of data can be acquired which can be extended to include 16 calculation channels of derived signals or online filters. For more freedom of movement, the MP160 System with BioNomadix wireless transmitters/receivers offer unrestrained comfort, including a BioShirt with built-in ECG fabric electrodes and RSP transducer. The wireless BioNomadix System has a range of 10 meters line-of-sight between transmitters and receivers. For long-term studies outside the lab, the BioNomadix Logger records and logs data for up to 24 hours while the subject goes about their protocol.

An additional wireless system commonly used for exercise studies is the Mobita System. Mobita is wireless, and like the aforementioned systems, works with the MP160 and AcqKnowledge software for recording and advanced analysis. Mobita is compact enough to fit in your hand and will record up to 32 channels of biopotential data.

No reason to keep still or be quiet any longer. With this many choices, acquiring high-quality exercise physiology data over a full range of body signals is within easy reach.

For more information about exercise physiology and how to maximize your results, we invite you to view our free webinar, Recording Great Data from Exercising and Mobile Subjects.

Why Smart Technology Is Smarter

Physiological research studies require a great deal of focused expertise, including an ability to properly set up all necessary equipment for the study at hand. This has long consisted of overseeing a host of manual hardware connections and software settings, and mistakes can be frustrating. The good news is most users become proficient at these detailed configurations, but wouldn’t it be a welcome change if these setups were easier? Think about how helpful it would be if the hardware and software were “smarter” and actively worked on your behalf. This is now a reality with the smart technology offered by BIOPAC’s newly-released line of 100D Smart Amplifiers.

What is smart technology and what makes Smart Amplifiers smarter? To begin with, these amplifiers are significantly smaller than standard amplifiers (only 4.6 mm in length) and have no buttons or switches. The convenient lightweight design is a powerful benefit, enabling these amplifiers to be attached closer to the participant’s body. Because the amp itself is positioned near the signal source(via a lightweight 3-meter cable), the resulting data is of superbly high quality, with less noise and artifact than conventional amplifiers. But let’s get to the smart part. The smart technology in Smart Amplifiers enables them to do the setup work for you. Each Smart Amplifier, regardless of signal type,  self-configures to the optimally recommended settings, negating the need for user-defined adjustments or monitoring of physical switch positions. Simply plug the amplifier into the new AMI100D Input Module now included with every BIOPAC MP160 System, launch the AcqKnowledge software, and begin recording data.

To minimize setup time and errors in the lab, Smart Amplifiers utilize auto-detection and auto-identification technology. Not only do they self-configure, they also alert you (via a software dialog) whether the amplifier is connected to the correct channel. So basically, using Smart Amplifiers right out of the box is a three step process. 1) connect the amplifiers, 2) select any desired calculation channels for derived signals, 3) click Record. That’s it.

Frequently-used calculation channels or transformations are pre-configured for all signals and can be enabled by simply checking a box in the amplifier’s software UI. (For example, the ECG100D Smart Amplifier offers options to add heart rate and/or R-R interval, and will automatically place these derived signals in a separate calculation channel in the AcqKnowledge graph.)

Smart Amplifiers are available for the following signals: ECG, EEG, EGG, EDA, RSP, PPG, ERS, EOG, SKT, EMG and new fEMG (facial and small muscle).

Significantly smaller footprint, simple setup, unparalleled user comfort, superlative data quality, compatible with previous-generation BIOPAC amplifiers (such as 100C and BioNomadix Series), portable and lightweight, Smart Amplifiers will be an epiphany for your research.

To see Smart Amplifiers in action, we invite you to watch our free on-demand webinar New Smart Technology for the Lab.

BIOPAC offers a wide array of wired and wireless equipment that can be used in your research. To find more information on solutions for recording and analyzing signals such as ECG, heart rate, respiration and more using any platforms mentioned in this blog post, you can visit the individual application pages on the BIOPAC website.

Small and Smaller – Untethered and Unfettered

Advancements in the engineering of data acquisition components have closely paralleled the microchip revolution. Ever-smaller form factors available in wireless transmission formats have resulted in a boon for researchers wishing to collect high-quality physiological data from participants in unfettered environments undreamed of a few years ago.

One of the linchpins of these cutting-edge systems is BIOPAC’s BioNomadix Series of wireless life science transmitters and receivers. BioNomadix modular receiver/amplifiers connect to the mother ship of the acclaimed MP160 System while the bite-sized matched transmitters attach to the participant, or comfortably nestle in a garment such as the BioNomadix BIOSHIRT. Unobtrusive specially designed leads connect to skin electrodes affixed to the participant, and BioNomadix units relying on transducers (such as respiration and skin temperature) offer equal convenience.

An even more streamlined system, the BioNomadix Smart Center, is also available. This system combines BioNomadix transmitters with the Smart Center all-in-one receiver and data acquisition unit. The soap bar-sized Smart Center connects to a computer USB port and supports up to 9 channels of physiological data from up to three wireless BioNomadix transmitters. (All BioNomadix transmitters are supported but connection is limited to three at a time.)

BioNomadix transmitters are dual-channel or dual-signal, with the exception of the Accelerometer, which supports three channels (X, Y, and Z axes).

Acquired signals are of extremely high quality and clarity and are rendered in AcqKnowledge Research Software. BioNomadix systems are available for fourteen body signal types, including ECG, RSP, PPG, EDA, EOG, EEG, EMG, EGG, ACCL, SKT, Goniometer, Dynamometer with EMG, Cardiac Output, and Heel-Toe Strike.

What does all of this mean to the researcher? Nearly unlimited freedom of movement at distances up to 10 meters from the receiver units—opening up new avenues of research and even new vistas in artistic expression.

A stunning and eclectic example of the latter can be taken from this brief performance by Compagnie Linga, a contemporary dance company based in Lausanne, Switzerland. Dancers wore BioNomadix accelerometers to record transmit their movements in real time, which were then digitally rendered in sound. The result is a tableau of dance and self-generated musical accompaniment, an artscape created from the firings of human physiology.

For more information about BioNomadix, please see:

BioNomadix Wireless Amplifiers

BioNomadix Wireless EMG for Neuro-Controlled Prosthetic

Free On-Demand Webinar – Recording Great Data from Exercising and Mobile Subjects

BIOPAC offers a wide array of wired and wireless equipment that can be used in your research. To find more information on solutions for recording and analyzing signals such as ECG, heart rate, respiration and more using any platforms mentioned in this blog post, you can visit the individual application pages on the BIOPAC website.

Holiday Happiness Part 2: Sounds, Smells, and Self-Reflection

In a previous post, we discussed the stress-reducing benefits of loving interactions with close friends and family during the holiday season. In addition to family, there are many mood-shaping habits and activities that characterize the holidays: the smell of home-cooked meals, seasonal music, and reflection on the past year, to name a few. But do these have a real impact on happiness?

In a psychophysiology study, Matsunaga, et al., tested odor effects on autobiographical memory recall. The researchers introduced several odor stimuli to participants and measured their psychological and physiological reactions. Heart rate and skin conductance were recorded throughout the experiment with a BIOPAC data acquisition system. The odor stimuli resulted in decreased heart rate, increased skin conductance level, and an increase in positive mood states.

Another article tested the effects of meditation on emotional regulation. Participants completed emotional measures before and after a meditation intervention, and had their ECG, respiration, and blood pressure recorded using a BIOPAC MP unit. The meditation correlated with greater participant emotional regulation, as suggested by lower heart rate and respiration.

In addition to meditation and smell, Harmat and Eerola have found music to also be emotionally significant. Participants listened to a musical piece, and then responded to a questionnaire about their emotional state. In addition to measuring pulse rate and facial expressions, the BIOPAC Research System and EDA Amplifier were used to record skin conductance while participants listened to the stimulus. The results found that music samples evoked several emotions, including nostalgia and happiness.

This research suggests that we can affect happiness using subtle techniques that are part of everyday living. To read more studies about psychophysiology and stress reduction, visit the BIOPAC publication page.

BIOPAC offers a variety of equipment that can be used in studies similar to the ones presented. To find more information on solutions for recording and analyzing signals such as skin conductance, ECG, heart rate, respiration, and EDA using the MP160/MP150, and other platforms, you can visit the individual application pages on the BIOPAC website. 

Holiday Happiness: Gratitude or Gifts?

Studies investigated the anxiety of gift-giving, the effects of social support in stressful situations, and what impact meditation has on heart rate, ECG, and blood pressure.

December has arrived, and for many the holidays bring a rush to check items off of a long shopping list for parents, siblings, friends, in-laws, and many more. Often we struggle to find that “perfect” gift, but are the physical goods we exchange the true source of the warmth and happiness that characterizes the season?

An article by Nomura investigated anxiety induced by gift-giving. To test this, EDA data was recorded with a BIOPAC data acquisition system and STP100 while participants responded to stimuli. The participants visualized a specific relative while being presented with potential gift options, and were asked how likely they were to purchase the potential gift for that relative. The data found that people who self-reported thinking of in-laws were the most stressed, while those who reported thinking of children or same-gender friends were least stressed.

A psychosomatic study by Inagaki and Eisenberger found that mental and physical well-being benefit from forms of social support. They tested this by administering mild shocks with the BIOPAC STMISOLA to male patients who held the hand of a female partner lying in an fMRI. The results suggest that this support (hand-holding) provided possible stress-reduction for both the male and female participants.

Another article on nonverbal communication and well being by Shaltout, et al. tested the effects of meditation and the subsequent ECG, blood pressure, and heart rate effects. The BIOPAC ambulatory BioHarness and NIBP Blood Pressure System gathered data while participants underwent several mediation episodes, during which they were instructed to focus on loving kindness towards a subject. The results found that participants had decreased heart rate.

Research suggests direct, loving interactions with those who are close to us have many stress-reducing benefits. So when you are shopping for gifts, remember that spending time is more important than spending money. To read more studies about love and stress reduction, visit the BIOPAC publication page.

BIOPAC offers a variety of equipment that can be used in studies similar to the ones presented. To find more information on solutions for recording and analyzing signals such as EEG, EMG, respiration, and EDA using the MP160/MP150, MP36, and other platforms, you can visit the individual application pages on the BIOPAC website. 

BIOPAC Systems, Inc. provides life science researchers and educators with data acquisition and analysis systems that inspire people and enable greater discovery about life. Visit us at www.biopac.com.

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